The Igbo-Israel Connection
(Excerpts from “Finding Gad: The Quest for the Lost Tribe of Gad”)
Written and compiled by: Rabbi Yehudah “Tochukwu” ben Shomeyr
Published by: Philip Ezenwatu
GAD AND HIS SONS
Gen. 46:16 and the sons of Gad; Ziphon, and Haggi, Shuni, and Ezbon, Eri, and Arodi, and Areli.
There is evidence that God’s sons or descendants of Gad’s sons Eri, Areli and Arodi, prior to Exodus travell
ed with members of various other tribes of Israel such as Judah, Levi, and Zebulon to Nigeria and became the Igbo people. There is also evidence that even after the Exodus and at different points in history before and after the Babylonian and Assyrian Captivities that Gadites and other Israeli tribes made their way down to Nigeria to join their brothers whom they knew where already there.
ed with members of various other tribes of Israel such as Judah, Levi, and Zebulon to Nigeria and became the Igbo people. There is also evidence that even after the Exodus and at different points in history before and after the Babylonian and Assyrian Captivities that Gadites and other Israeli tribes made their way down to Nigeria to join their brothers whom they knew where already there.
WHAT ISRAEL AND OTHERS SAY ABOUT THE IGBOS
We know since at least 1789 AD that Jews have been interested in the possible Igbo-Israel connection when a former Igbo slave named Olauda Equiano; living in London first proposed the Igbo-Israel relationship in his autobiography. Anglican Missionary G.T. Basden, the first to minister to the Igbo wrote many books which claimed and connected the Igbo to the tribes of Israel. Several editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica in 1929 connect the Igbo people to Gad. A torah commentary on Sh’mot in 1922 made the Igbo-Gad connection also. Some Igbo’s, including Dr. Ikedife recalls Israelis visiting Igbo land and investigating such claims during the Biafran War.
Under direction of Israeli Prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, in October of 1995 and in May 1997 under Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli government sent delegates, looking far a long lost brother Eri. They went to Nigeria, state to state, town to town, tribe to tribe, quietly observed to see if any recorgnizable Hebraic traits or customs would pop out. When they made it to Obu –Gad their search ended as they saw the Igbo there display Herbraic-ness in their culture. They even saw the ancient stone throne of Gad and immediately recognized the script at the foot of the throne as Paleo-Hebrew. They also visited many sites that have been connected to Eri and the Igbo people. This was documented on film and later shown on Israeli Television. I have been given a DVD copy of this documentary by Eze A.E Chukwuemeka-Eri
On March 28th 1996 Israeli Ambassador to Nigeria visited Nri and cried acknowledging that Igbo’s were among the lost Tribes of Israel. Before he left he gave Eze Nri a gift of olives and oil stating that such gifts were only given to Kings of Israel.
In October 23rd 1997 Yitzhag David, an American Jew and Program Director of King Solomon Sephardic Federation was televised visiting the King in Nnewi (Also a King I have personally visited myself), Igwe Kenneth Orizu III. It was said during that visit by Zagi David, another delegate which came with the K.S.S.F “After much research work on the origin of the Igbo’s, the archaeological findings indicate that Israel is the true home and they should make a quick come back for historical reunion.”
“The wild landscapes of Africa, it’s exotic rhythms and mask dances provide the picturesque background for this tribe, who believes itself to be the descendants of the Israelite tribe of Gad.
They interpret their name “Ibo” as a mispronounced “Hebrew” and till today, the members pray to Chukwu Abiam”- Abraham’s God. The Ibos, well known for their struggle for independence in the Biafra war, are now considered the “Jews of Nigeria” and have contributed greatly to the intellectual and economic development in that country. “http//www.aranpa.com/Tribes.htm.
“Outreach to Nigeria Jews by the wider Jewish world community gained official staus from 1995-1997, when Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin sent a team to Nigeria in search of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. Western rabbis and educators such as Rabin Gorin have visited the community at computers, and religious articles. However, the State of Israel has, to date, not officially recognized the Igbo as one of the Lost Tribes.
In 2004-2008, Rabbi Yaacov Behrman made numerous trips to Nigeria to help Israeli community with Jewish community development...” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/igbo_jews
In a White House memo dated Tuesday, January 28, 1969 to President Nixon, former Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger describes the Igbo as “the wandering Jews of West Africa-gifted, aggressive, westernized, at best envied and resented, but mostly despised by their neighbors in the federation” (foreign relations document, volume E-5, documents on Africa 1969-1972).
Israel Today originally reported in 2006 how Chief Rabbinate recognized the Igbo’s as sons of Israel descended from Gad. And indeed, there is an Igbo-Gad community in Tel Aviv Israel who have their own synagogue.
Haaret magazine in Oct, 12, 2005 article declared the Igbo’s to be sons of Israel through Gad. Prof. Elisabeth Isichei an Australian historian and Melvile Merrskovits, an American writer, all strongly believe there is enough evidence to link the Igbo’s of Nigeria to the Israeli tribe of Gad.
Among Igbo authorities, Prof. O. Alezi and Remy IIona also believed without a doubt that the Igbo’s are descendants of Gad.
CULTURAL EVIDENCE LINKING THE IGBOS TO GAD
In 1789 Olauda Equiano, an Igbo and former slave who lived in London said in his autobiography that the Igbo’s were the one of the lost tribes of Israel and cited the many identical culture similarities between them and the Jews.
When the Missionaries came to Nigeria to evangelize. They were dumbfounded to discover that the Igbo people practiced many Hebraic/Jewish customs which they could not have learned from anybody else, it had to come from ancient practice of their people from antiquity: for they had no Bibles and met no one with a Bible until the missionaries came along.
They found that the Igbo’s practiced:
Eating of animals that meet the Biblically clean requirements as well as the complete draining of blood from the animal as well as other laws concerning Kashrut (Kosher Animals)
Have a concept of clean and unclean, acceptable and abominable or taboo
Animal sacrifice like unto the Levitcal sacrifice system
Belief in a supreme, all-powerful deity (Chukwu) above all other deities
Circumcision on the 8th day as well as had the naming ceremony of the 8 day old child
Giving names that bear the name or title of God within it
Separation of menstruating woman
Shemita and Jubilee years: the annulment of debt and servitude every seven and fifty years
Burying their dead facing East, the direction of Jerusalem and the Promised Land
Sitting Shiva (seven day mourning period where one sits on low stools, remaining unkempt and shave their heir in grief). Belief in resurrection, sending of the bodies’ home of Igbo’s who die outside of Igbo-land to be buried like Joseph and Jacob desiring not to be buried in a pagan or foreign land.
Sung prior to and carried a type of Ark into battle when they went to war
Hospitality like unto the traditions and legends known of Abraham offering water, meal and lodging to travelers.
Levrate type marriages, brothers marrying deceased brothers’ wives to carry on the brothers names.
Marriage negotiations (Onye-aka-ebe) between families, like unto the story of Isaac and Rebecca.
Polygamy
A type of, “Cities of Refuge, “” where an Igbo who has committed a crime can seek refuge in his mother’s natal home, known in Igbo as, “Ikwunne”.
Shunning of those who willingly break Igbo laws.
Laws against sexual perversion, incest and the like, they had to marry among their people but outside their immediate tribal clan.
A rule of Torah (Law) was developed and was passed down by Eri rite of passage into adulthood.
The coronation of the Kings have rituals and customs that closely remember that of the coronation of Kings of Judah and Israel.
These among many other Jewish laws and customs were found to be kept by the Igbo people and sadly, the Christian missionaries forced them to abandon many of these Hebraic practices because though they resembled Biblical worship of God, they practiced these customs unto pagan gods and as such should be abandoned. The Igbo’s are slowly beginning to return to the pre-missionary practices, desiring to return to their Hebraic roots.
One Igbo man named Avraham, a Cantor of Natsari Jewish community in Nigeria said,
In a nutshell, “every law as stated in the Torah was being practiced by our forefathers before the advent of Christianity. Except that our fathers went into idol worship, but they still kept the tradition as was handed over to them by their forefathers. “
Jews underwent the infamous persecution of the many pogroms and holocaust during World War II. The Igbo’s underwent a holocaust during the Nigerian Biafran War (July 1967- January 1970) where many Igbo’s were slaughtered by the surrounding people of Nigeria.
The Igbo history uncannily parallels much of Jewish history in so many ways.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Paleo-Hebrew Script has been found in various places in the Igbo Territories of Nigeria. Drawings like unto the Morgen David, star have been found in various places of Igbo-land prior to missionary arrival to Nigeria.
There is a Stone throne at Obu-Gad which confirmed Paleo (Ancient)-Hebrew inscription at foot of the throne that indicates that the throne was constructed in honour of Gad. There was also an onyx stone found in Igbo-land with the Paleo-Hebrew word “Gad” on it.
In 1917 the British discovered, about 500 ft below the soil on the palace grounds a solid bronze Star of David indicating the Igbo people may have migrated from the ancient city of David. To commemorate this event, Nigeria kobo coins were minted with a Star of David on it.
CHINUA ACHEBE AND THINGS FALL APART
This man the great Igbo story teller wrote fictitious stories based on the facts of Igbo life and custom. I have paralleled such customs to that of the Israelites from his most well-known work, “Things Fall Apart.”
Though fiction, “Things Fall Apart” is full of insightful things regarding Igbo culture. Unoke Okonkwo’s father said, “That whenever he saw a dead man’s mouth he saw the folly of not eating what one had in one’s lifetime. “Judaism teaches it is a sin not to enjoy what God has given for us to enjoy.
Unoka loves the song the children sang to welcome birds back to area. This is like the chant, like the blessing Jews pronounce in Judaism over various natural events such as birds returning in the Spring.
Breaking the Kola Nut is like breaking bread in Judaism. Okoye a friend of Unoka said, “He who brings Kola brings life.” And bread in Judaism is regarded in like manner.
Among the Igbo’s, the art of conversation is regarded very highly and “proverbs are palm oil with which words are eaten.” Jewish Rabbi’s and sages feel the same way and proverbial saying that teach us great and essential things.
Fortunately among the Igbo people a man was judged according to his worth and not according to worth of his father.” This is like Deut. 24:16:
“The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin.”
Professor Achebe also said that the Igbo elders wore beards as do Elders in Judaism.
The “Oracle of the Hills and the Caves” is similar to the consultation of Urim and Thumim of Levitical Priests.
The seven year locust came and the village of Umuofia was excited because they knew they could eat them and in the Torah it deems such insects as okay to eat and we see Yeshua (Jesus) the Messiah’s cousin John the Baptist who was of the Priestly house of Levi eat locust too. (Lev. 11:22, Matt 3:4).
There is a fine spoken of man whose cow got loose and trampled a neighbour’s crop. This is likewise found in the Torah.
“If anyone grazes their livestock in a field or vineyard and lets them stray and they graze in someone else’s field, the offender must make restitution from the best of their own field or vineyard.” Ex. 22:5
“A man’s life from birth to death had a series of transitional rites which brought him nearer and nearer to his ancestors.” This sentiment is an equally shared belief in Judaism.
Drinking horns are mentioned quite often in the book and it is no coincidence that horns in Judaism were used to drink from and hold oil and at times used to pour out a libation to the Lord.
When Okonkwo came to his mother’s land in exile, he was welcomed. Seven years later he departed and the elders blessed him when they broke Kola. We read from Genesis on to today, that in Judaism, children and relatives are blessed when they leave a community and strike out on their own. Likewise if someone is exiled they go to their mother’s people as Jacob went to Laban, his mother’s brother when running from his brother Esau.
There is also a film adaptation to Things Fall Apart and we see young men and women and children bow in respect to their elders when greeting them especially when Okonkwo brought his family before his uncle. We see in scripture that Moses bowed before Jethro his father-in-law (Exodus 18:7) Jacob and his children bowed before his elder brother Esau (Gen.33:7) and Joseph bowed before Jacob his father (Gen, 48:12). This most definitely an ancient Hebraic custom we see demonstrated in the Igbo culture.
Okonkwo, for accidental homicide was exiled for seven years in his mother’s homeland which is similar to, as we have previously mentioned. Jacob running to Laban, his mother’s people and we see this as similar in concept the cities of refuge (Num. 35).
During a marital ceremony Uchendu’s eldest daughter Njide asked the bride-to-be to answer her truthfully or she would suffer or even die in child birth. This time of question was to see if she was still a virgin; hence, if she saved herself for her future husband. The Bride-to-be had to swear upon the patriarchal ancestral staff truthfully to answer and then a hen was sacrificed. This is in some ways like unto the bitter water ceremony when a husband suspects his betrothed or wife of unfaithfulness (Numbers 5).
Uchendu mentions a child belonging to his father’s family which is Hebraic.
In many of the blessings said in Things Fall Apart, during the blessing of the Kola, one is to ask for good health and children and not monetary wealth. If one has children, wealth will come naturally. This is a very Hebraic concept as more importance is placed on family and not riches. We see the Biblical patriarchs naturally prosper when one obeyed God and put family first. Abraham. Isaac and Jacob were rich but greater emphasis was placed on family and the continuance of the family line.
THE IGBO HISTORY ALSO UNCANNILY PARALLELS MUCH OF JEWISH HISTORY IN IGBO DRESSING
The traditional Igbo way of dressing is more hebraically authentic than that of the Orthodox Jews in the West who adopted their dress from 17th and 18th century Europe.
I firmly believe and have encouraged Igbo’s to reclaim their cultural dress as it is more authentic than that of the modern Jew today. The robes are like the types Israelites used to wear in ancient times, the red chieftain cap and the red and black stripped stocking cap serve as kippah (yarmulke) or head covering and the ojo, the fringed shawl of the Igbo carries the same weight and meaning as the Jewish Trallit (prayer shawl Num. 15:37-41).
Remy IIona in his book “The Igbo’s: Jews in Africa” pg: 73 tells us that the Igbo’s have always worn a tallit like garment and have always worn caps and that Igbo woman, unlike those of other tribes have always been very modest and covered themselves, specifically their chests with a wrap.
LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE
A Linguistic/Cultural evidence of the Israel/Gad/Eri-Igbo connection is the names which people bear which honour God.
Hebrew:
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Igbo:
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Names/Titles of God:
YHWH, Yah, El, Elohim
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Names/Titles of God:
Chi, Chukwu, Chineke
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ELiYAHhu (Elijah) = Yah is my God
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Chidi/Chuwudi = There is a God, God Exists.
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YEHoshua (Joshua) = Yehovah Saves
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Chizoba = God save
Chibueze = God is Good
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Sh’muEL (Samuel) = God Hears.
AriEL = Lion of God
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Chidinma = God is King
Chukwumeka = God has done Great things
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THE TESTIMONY OF REVELATION OF AN IGBO MESSIANIC RABBI BY RABBI GAVRIEL OGUGUA
A Messianic Igbo Rabbi, Rabbi Gavriel Ogugua from Nigeria and founder of Key David Ministries who now resides in Florida wrote:
“I was doing my morning devotion; the Lord led me to read from the book of Genesis; “The sons of Gad were Ziphion, Haggi, Shuni, Ezbon, Eri, Arodi, and Areli” (Genesis 46: 16). As I read this verse, the name Eri literally jumped out of the book and hit me in the face! I thought, what if this whole dream, and the accompanied Torah verse of Genesis 46:16, which confirmed it, were all a figment of my imagination? Who will believe my report since there is no so called “empirical evidence?”
Could any other human being still alive ever corroborate this finding? These questions, and many others, ran through my mind even as I felt a tingling of excitement in my heart.
When I arrived at my office that morning, I telephoned two Nigeria friends of mine. First, I called Attorney Innocent Chinweze (from Aguleri) and inquired of him if the name Eri meant anything to him and his town folks. He informed me that Eri was the first Hebrew man to settle in Nigeria. Eri was the father of Aguleri and other sons who together because great ancestors of the Ibos. The compound where Eri settle in Aguleri is called Obu Gad and has become a historic site in Aguleri. Obu Gad when translated from Ibo language means, “The compound of Gad.” Attorney Innocent Chinweze shared a great multitude of facts with me concerning His Royal Majesty, Eze A.E Chukwuemeka-Eri, Ezeora 34th & Aka Ji Ofor Igbo the Traditional Ruler of Aguleri who was ordained King at 21years of age. To my amazement, he informed me that in 1995, a number of Jewish came to Nigeria in search of their lost brother, Eri. Their search took them to Aguleri where there was a very emotional ceremony and reunion of kindred.
Secondly, I contacted my other friend born in Umueri, a neighboring town of Aguleri in Nigeria. Felix Eziagulu confirmed much of what Attorney Innocent Chinweze narrated to me.
“Out of the mouth of two or three witness. The Counsel of the Lord is established. “I wondered why no one ever told me about Eri while I lived in Nigeria. In fact I wondered why thought my entire education career in Nigeria, achieving to the master’s level, I never came across any literature or individual who knew about this and why the information was never shared with me from the time of my birth to the writing of my testimony. Also I pondered whether my father (Late) Gabriel Udeorah Ogugua (O-goo-gwa) knew about this, and why he never shared the information with his son. Astonished by the account of Eri and the Ancestral Hebrew Heritage of the Ibos, I decided to visit my Dad and the people of Aguleri in December of 2003. Sadly, on October 2 2003, just a few days after I received the revelation and made plans, I was devastated when I received a call from Nigeria. My father had moved on to be with God on October 1st 2003!! Grieved by the loss of my father because of who he was in my life, and the lost opportunity to explore the one question that meant everything-Eri. I asked the Lord why he chose to take my father home at the time he did. To my greatest astonishment, the Lord impressed upon my heart the business concerning Eri and Heritage of the Ibos is between Him and me and not between me and my earthly father. I “sucked it up” and went home on November 23, 2003 to bury my father. On the night of November 24, 2003 my first night in Nigeria, the Lord spoke to me in the following words,
Reveal my name to my people according to the Tabernacle of David and you shall declare the year of Jubilee in the land.”
The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob wanted to reveal Himself to the Ibos afresh as “Chukwu Abiama” (God of Abraham) through a renewed revelation of Yeshua ben David (Jesus, Son of David).”- Rabbi Gavriel Ogugua